Roughly about two years ago, I wrote an article called “Why using Spring’s @Value annotation is bad“. I described why you should avoid @Value annotations all throughout your code. By using @Value annotations in services, controllers and other Spring components, you will scatter your configuration through the complete application. In the worst case, you will wire the same value in multiple classes. If you want to change this value somedays, you will need to touch all of this classes.
Instead of this, configuration should be an encapsulated aspect of your application just like database access or REST endpoints. We want to separate configuration from our actual services, controllers and components.
The Spring Boot way to do it
Spring Boot provides an annotation called @ConfigurationProperties. As you can read right here, it’s exactly designed to separate and externalize configuration. That’s what we want!
Let’s make an example and assume that we want to configure a connection to an external REST service (it could also be a database or whatever). We need a configuration including an username, a password and an URL. The configuration file (application.properties) could look like this:
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mySuperService.username = admin123 mySuperServcie.password = s3cur3 mySuperService.url = http://some.where.com/api |
By using Spring Boot’s @ConfigurationProperties annotation, we would first write a Java class which represents this piece of configuration:
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@Component @EnableConfigurationProperties @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="mySuperService") public class MySuperServiceConfig { @NotNull private String username; @NotNull private String password; @NotNull private String url; // getter and setter... } |
As you can see, we have a very obvious matching between the properties file and its Java representation. Let’s see how we would use this class:
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@Service public class MySuperServiceRestClient { private final MySuperServiceConfig config; @Autowired public MySuperServiceRestClient(MySuperServiceConfig config) { this.config = config; } // actual code... } |
As you can see, we encapsulated all configuration in a single class which we inject in our service. The service doesn’t know anymore where the configuration comes from. It only knows that it can receive the configuration from the MySuperServiceConfig class. Separation completed!
What else can we do?
We have not only just separated our configuration, but we have transformed it into a Java class! This means we can just code with it! Here some examples and ideas:
Apply default values
We can just apply default values for properties which should be configurable but are not likely to be configured. Let’s say we have a port:
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mySuperService.port = 8080 |
In most cases, the port will be 8080. Only in some rare circumstances, we will have another port – maybe in our test system. In this case, we can just apply a default:
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@Component @EnableConfigurationProperties @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="mySuperService") public class MySuperServiceConfig { private String port = "8080"; // default! @NotNull private String username; @NotNull private String password; @NotNull private String url; // getter and setter... } |
Process configurations
Let’s assume the following configuration:
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mySuperService.port = 8080 mySuperService.baseUrl = http://some.where.com mySuperService.api = api/v1 |
For some reason, we want to be able to configure each property on its own. However, in the service we need to have a single url: http://some.where.com:8080/api/v1. We can do this in our configuration class!
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@Component @EnableConfigurationProperties @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="mySuperService") public class MySuperServiceConfig { private String port = "8080"; // default! @NotNull private String baseUrl; @NotNull private String api; public String getUrl() { return baseUrl + ":" + port + "/" + api; } // getter and setter... } |
Create different implementations
Our configuration just became a Spring Bean. This also means, that we can do all the common Spring things with it! For example creating different implementations.
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public interface MySuperServiceConfig { // getter for the configuration properties! } @Profile("PRODUCTION") @Component @EnableConfigurationProperties @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="mySuperService") public class MySuperServiceProductionConfig implements MySuperServiceConfig { @NotNull private String username; @NotNull private String password; @NotNull private String url; // getter and setter... } @Profile("DEVELOPMENT") @Component public class MySuperServiceDevelopmentConfig implements MySuperServiceConfig { // the hard coded test environment for every developer! private String username = "testUser"; private String password = "123456"; private String url = "http://our.test.server.com"; // getter and setter... } @Service public class MySuperServiceRestClient { private final MySuperServiceConfig config; @Autowired public MySuperServiceRestClient(MySuperServiceConfig config) { this.config = config; } // actual code... } |
By doing this, we end up with a solution similar to what I’ve described in “Why using Spring’s @Value annotation is bad“. The configuration becomes a service which we hide behind an interface. We can change how we get the configuration (from a properties file, hard coded or from our configuration server in the cloud) and how we map and process it. Our actual services will only contain business logic and will not have to deal with configuration issues.
Best regards,
Thomas
And how do you write an unit test for a @ConfigurationProperties class ?
Actually, I don’t write unit tests for
@ConfigurationPropertiesclasses at all, because they don’t contain any logic. They are just plain POJOs which will hold data. However, you can write tests which will assert if the configuration is loaded correct:You can assert for the values in your
application.propertiesfile.The example you gave works, but the Autowiring only happens once.
If one test changes a property value, how can we reset it again in the setUp or BeforeMethod? Ideally it should reload the properties again for the next test.
Found the solution:
@DirtiesContext
https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/javadoc-api/org/springframework/test/annotation/DirtiesContext.html
Set this on method level of the methods that modify the values.
Although I think instead of creating an interface and making three different derivatives to match a profile, you can just take advantage of Spring’s profile-specific properties: https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/2.0.2.RELEASE/reference/htmlsingle/#boot-features-external-config-profile-specific-properties
I couldn’t agree more! I was literally thinking the same thing!
How this works with @RefreshScope?
Danke Schon reading your article was really helpful and I understand how to use configurations to inject external properties instead of @Value now.